Conservation science can be said to have an additional requirement to ‘pure’ science – that is the need not only to do the best science possible and recognise its limitations – but the need to be able to influence decision makers and others of the need to take action to achieve the holy grail of good conservation status for populations and their environment. Almost inevitably, taking action will have socio-economic implications. The science itself is an essential, but not the only, factor that will be taken into account when politicians and managers make their decisions.

The principle that science provides the background for basic political decision making processes is tested today around the globe. While it is scientifically clear that climate change will reduce biodiversity worldwide, the installation of renewable energies is often rather seen as a foe than a friend to nature conservation. Conservation and climate protection are challenged by finding suitable solutions that quickly enable a basis for working together towards a common goal.

Although extinction due to climate change are still uncommon, they might surpass those caused by habitat loss or overexploitation over the next few decades. Among marine megafauna, mammals fulfil key ecological roles in the ocean, and the collapse of their populations may have irreversible consequences for ecosystem functioning. However, the biogeography, essential step for predicting effects of climate change on marine megafauna was not so far explored in the literature.

Sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) and long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) are the most abundant species among the community of deep-diving cetaceans occurring off the west coast of Ireland, North-east Atlantic. To address a knowledge gap on these elusive species in an area subject to increasing levels of anthropogenic noise, fixed bottom-mounted autonomous acoustic recorders were deployed from 2014 to 2016 at thirteen locations.

Over the last two decades, the collection of hydrographic profiles from CTD attached to deep diving seals has been very successful in collecting data from the polar regions of the Ocean. A judicious choice of the species, sex and age of individuals makes it possible to obtain data in under-sampled regions such as areas of pack ice or continental shelves.

Marine species live in complex landscapes with scattered food and numerous disturbances that interrupt the animals’ normal foraging behaviour. Cetaceans are disturbed by noise from ships, seismic surveys, offshore construction work, etc., but the extent to which this influences the individuals’ energy balance depends on the time it takes till they can commence feeding after being disturbed. Animals that are able to move to alternative foraging grounds, or to return to the area they were scared away from, are thus less severely affected.

Echolocating animals that forage in social groups can potentially benefit from eavesdropping on other group members, cooperative foraging or social defence, but may also face problems of acoustic interference and intra-group competition for prey. Here, we investigate these potential trade-offs of sociality for extreme deep-diving Blainville′s and Cuvier's beaked whales. These species perform highly synchronous group dives as a presumed predator-avoidance behaviour, but the benefits and costs of this on foraging have not been investigated.

The spatio-temporal distribution of cetacean species often overlaps with fishing practices in the Mediterranean, having direct and indirect negative consequences. The present study is the first long-term study focusing on the effects of commercial and artisanal fisheries on the behaviour of T. truncatus in Montenegro.

Over the past ~30 years, cetacean-based tourism focused on free-ranging animals has grown rapidly, providing an alternative source of wealth to communities and a way to educate people about ocean conservation. It has also led to unsustainable practices causing stress, declines in reproductive success, displacement and poor education. The opportunity to have close encounters via swim-with and boat-based tours is now available throughout the world and with increasing numbers of whales there are more opportunities arising. One of the challenges is sustainable management.

The killer whales of the Strait of Gibraltar are considered distinct from other subpopulations in the Northeast Atlantic, based on studies of photo-identification data, mitochondrial DNA, microsatellite genetic markers, stable isotope ratios and contaminant loads. This small subpopulation, with a low number of mature individuals, depends heavily on an endangered prey species, the Atlantic bluefin tuna.